Abstract
Background: Red ginger contains bioactive compounds such as gingerol and shogaol with known anti-inflammatory activity, making it a potential active ingredient for nanospray gel formulations.
Objective: This study aimed to optimize a nano spray gel formulation containing fermented red ginger extract using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD).
Methods: An experimental laboratory study was performed. Formulation optimization was conducted using Design-Expert® version 13 with the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) approach by varying the concentrations of Carbopol 940, Triethanolamine (TEA), and Tween 80. The responses evaluated were percent transmittance, pH, and viscosity. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in vivo in male mice using a posttest-only control group design. The treatment groups included sodium diclofenac as the positive control (KP), CMC-Na as the negative control (KN), 0.5% red ginger extract (EJM), 0.5% fermented red ginger extract (EFJM), and a nano spray gel containing 0.5% fermented red ginger extract (SNSG)
Result: The optimized formulation achieved a desirability value of 0.948. The formulation exhibited a pH of 6.0 ± 0.06, transmittance of 99.1 ± 0.12%, and viscosity of 537.7 ± 2.08 mPa·s. Particle size analysis showed an average particle size of 14.35 nm and a PDI of 0.1012, confirming the successful development of a homogeneous nanodispersion system. The nano spray gel containing fermented red ginger extract demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory activity, with an AUC value of 0.0145 and an AIA of 80.67% after 1.5 hours of treatment, indicating effective inhibition of inflammation.
Conclusions: The SLD method effectively optimized the nanospray gel formulation from fermented red ginger extract, and demonstrated potential as a natural-based topical anti-inflammatory product.
Download the full article as PDF here Optimization of Nano Spray Gel From Fermented Red Ginger Extract for Anti-Inflammatory
Materials and Methods
The research employed a laboratory experimental design, conducted at the Pharmacy Laboratory of the Bintang Persada Institute of Technology and Health. The plant material used in this study was red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), sourced from Nongan Village, Rendang District, Karangasem, Bali. The plant material was taxonomically authenticated at the Bandung Institute of Technology, West Java, Indonesia (No. 6324/IT1.C11.2/TA.00/2024).
The experimental stages included the rejuvenation of Trichoderma harzianum mold, fermentation, extraction, formulation, physical quality evaluation of the preparation, and particle size analysis of the nanodispersion formulation. Optimization of the fermented red ginger nanospray gel formulation was carried out, using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) approach through DesignExpert 13 software. The optimized gel base components consisted of Carbopol 940, Triethanolamine (TEA), and Tween 80, with optimization parameters including % transmittance, pH, and viscosity. The anti-inflammatory activity of fermented red ginger extract was evaluated in vivo. Twenty-five male white mice (Mus musculus) were employed as experimental animals. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Bali Institute of Technology and Health (Approval No. 04.0373/KEPITEKES-BALI/X/2024), and all procedures were conducted in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines for animal research.
The equipment used in this study included: mortar and pestle, glassware, dropper pipettes, horn spoons, filter paper, parchment paper, aluminum foil, knives, simple fermenters, measuring flasks, blenders, rotary evaporators (BUCHI), hot plate stirrers (Thermo Scientific), cups, pH meters (YIERYI), viscometers (NDJ-5S), stopwatches, UV-Vis spectrophotometers (Thermo Scientific Genesys), centrifuges (80-2B), Laminar Air Flow (BioBase), autoclaves (GEA YX-18LM), incubators (Memmert), analytical balances (Kenko), particle size analyzers (Biobase BK-802N), Plethysmometer, and spray bottles. The materials used included red ginger extract, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), potatoes, Trichoderma harzianum, 96% ethanol, dextrose, methyl paraben, Tween 80, Carbopol 940, sorbitol, propylparaben, distilled water, Triethanolamine (TEA), aquabidest, carrageenan, diclofenac sodium gel, CMC-Na, and 70% alcohol.
Dewi NWRK, Santi MDS, S.W NKKJP. Optimization of Nano Spray Gel From Fermented Red Ginger Extract for Anti-Inflammatory. Meditory J Med Lab. 2025;12(1):83–102.
